Written By: Abdul Basit Alvi
A few weeks ago, I had the opportunity to participate in a discussion with a prominent figure where several issues were deliberated upon, including Pakistan’s unwavering commitment to its core concerns. During the session, it was strongly affirmed that Pakistan and its leadership have consistently upheld their clear stance on three critical issues without compromise: the Kashmir conflict, our Nuclear Program, and Pak-China Friendship.
The Kashmir conflict stands as one of the enduring and contentious disputes in contemporary global affairs. Situated in the picturesque Himalayan region, Kashmir has been a longstanding point of contention between India and Pakistan since their partition in 1947. This issue has not only shaped the geopolitics of South Asia but has also profoundly impacted the lives of millions.
The roots of the Kashmir issue can be traced back to the partition of British India in 1947. As the British withdrew, they left behind a divided land that became India and Pakistan. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, governed by a Hindu Maharaja but with a Muslim-majority population, posed a unique challenge. The state’s accession to India in October 1947 led to the first Indo-Pakistani war over Kashmir. This conflict resulted in a United Nations-mediated ceasefire in 1949, establishing a Line of Control (LoC) that divided the region into Indian-occopied Jammu and Kashmir and Pakistan-administered Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
The Kashmir issue has remained a persistent sore point in Indo-Pakistani relations. India considers Kashmir an integral part of its territory, governed under Article 370 of its Constitution, until its abrogation in August 2019. In contrast, Pakistan advocates for Kashmiri self-determination, supporting a plebiscite as promised by UN resolutions to allow Kashmiris to decide their own future.
Beyond its bilateral dimensions, the Kashmir conflict deeply affects the lives of Kashmiris themselves. Decades of insurgency and reported human rights abuses in Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir have left lasting scars on the region’s social fabric. The presence of a significant Indian military contingent and recurrent outbreaks of violence contribute to a pervasive sense of alienation and unrest among the local population.
Humanitarian concerns are paramount in addressing this protracted crisis. The people of Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir face ongoing challenges, including restrictions on freedom of movement, allegations of extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and limitations on expression and assembly. These issues have drawn international concern and condemnation, highlighting the humanitarian crisis in the region.
Pakistan’s position on Kashmir is rooted in fundamental principles, including the promotion of Kashmiri self-determination and adherence to international law, particularly United Nations resolutions. As the Kashmir issue continues to unfold, it remains a critical juncture for regional stability and the pursuit of justice for Kashmiris amidst enduring conflict and political uncertainties. Pakistan’s stance on Kashmir is anchored in several fundamental principles. Foremost among these is the principle of self-determination for the Kashmiri people. Pakistan asserts that Kashmiris should be able to determine their own political future through a plebiscite, as mandated by United Nations resolutions.
Additionally, Pakistan views the Kashmir issue as pivotal to regional stability and security in South Asia. The unresolved status of Kashmir has fueled ongoing hostility and periodic conflict between India and Pakistan, both nuclear-armed neighbors. Over the years, Pakistan has actively engaged in diplomatic endeavors to bring attention to the Kashmir issue on the global stage. It has consistently sought backing from the United Nations and other international forums to advocate for a resolution based on principles of justice and self-determination. Pakistan’s leaders and diplomats have tirelessly advocated for the Kashmir cause in both bilateral and multilateral forums, highlighting the human rights violations and humanitarian impact on the Kashmiri population. The Kashmir issue holds significant domestic political importance in Pakistan, often uniting political factions under a common agenda. It deeply resonates with the Pakistani public, who perceive Kashmir as a symbol of solidarity with fellow Muslims and a testament to Pakistan’s commitment to justice and international law. Pakistan’s stance on Kashmir also intersects with its military and strategic considerations, given the region’s strategic location and water resources, which are crucial for both India and Pakistan. The unresolved status of Kashmir has contributed to military build-ups, border skirmishes, and periodic tensions between the two countries. Despite numerous diplomatic efforts, the Kashmir issue remains unresolved, periodically escalating in violence and leading to diplomatic standoffs. Pakistan continues to advocate for dialogue and a peaceful resolution, while maintaining its principled stance on Kashmir’s right to self-determination.
Turning to Pakistan’s Nuclear Program, it has been a source of domestic pride and strategic importance. Initially developed for energy generation and scientific advancement, Pakistan’s peaceful nuclear program has evolved amidst regional security dynamics and global non-proliferation efforts. Pakistan’s interest in nuclear technology dates back to the 1950s, when it embarked on a peaceful nuclear program aimed at harnessing atomic energy for electricity generation, agriculture, medicine, and industrial applications. The program gained momentum in the 1960s with the establishment of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), which oversees research, development, and regulatory aspects of the country’s nuclear endeavors.
One of the primary motivations driving Pakistan’s nuclear program has been its need to meet growing energy demands. With a rapidly expanding population and industrial base, Pakistan faces significant challenges in fulfilling its electricity requirements through conventional means alone. Nuclear power presents a reliable and sustainable alternative, enhancing energy security and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Pakistan has actively engaged with the international community on nuclear issues, emphasizing its commitment to the peaceful use of nuclear technology. As a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Pakistan adheres to safeguards agreements that ensure transparency and accountability in its nuclear activities. These agreements reassure the global community of Pakistan’s peaceful intentions.
Beyond energy production, Pakistan’s peaceful nuclear program has contributed to advancements in various scientific disciplines, underscoring its role in fostering technological progress and innovation. Research and development initiatives within Pakistan’s nuclear program have significantly advanced agriculture through radiation-induced mutation breeding, thereby enhancing crop yields and bolstering food security. The program has also made substantial contributions to nuclear medicine, supporting cancer treatment, diagnostic imaging, and the sterilization of medical equipment. Despite possessing nuclear capabilities, Pakistan consistently reaffirms its adherence to non-proliferation norms and practices. The country maintains a policy of responsible nuclear stewardship, emphasizing stringent controls, secure facilities, and compliance with international non-proliferation treaties and agreements.
Pakistan’s nuclear program operates within a complex regional and global security landscape. As a nuclear-armed state, Pakistan’s policies are shaped by regional dynamics, particularly its relationship with neighboring India. Efforts to uphold strategic stability and deterrence have influenced Pakistan’s nuclear posture, focusing on credible minimum deterrence and a commitment to preventing an arms race. Pakistan embarked on its journey towards acquiring nuclear capabilities in the 1970s, largely motivated by perceived security threats, especially from its neighbor India. The nuclearization of South Asia, spurred by India’s inaugural nuclear test in 1974, acted as a catalyst for Pakistan to pursue its own nuclear deterrent. Despite facing international pressure and sanctions, Pakistan persisted, viewing nuclear weapons as indispensable for national security and strategic equilibrium. Pakistan’s nuclear program is founded on the principle of maintaining credible deterrence against perceived threats, particularly from India. The development of nuclear weapons and delivery systems is considered a pivotal component of Pakistan’s defense strategy, aimed at deterring aggression and safeguarding the country’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Since embarking on its nuclear path, Pakistan has adhered to fundamental principles aimed at ensuring the safety and security of its nuclear program. These principles encompass robust regulatory frameworks, comprehensive safety protocols, and stringent physical security measures to safeguard nuclear facilities, materials, and technologies from unauthorized access or misuse. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) serves as the regulatory body responsible for overseeing all facets of Pakistan’s nuclear endeavors. Under its jurisdiction, PAEC enforces rigorous safety standards, conducts routine inspections, and implements measures to preempt accidents, mitigate risks, and uphold compliance with international best practices and obligations.
Pakistan has implemented extensive physical security measures to fortify its nuclear installations and materials against external threats, such as terrorism, sabotage, and theft. These measures encompass advanced surveillance systems, perimeter security, access controls, and programs to ensure the reliability of personnel, thus thwarting unauthorized access and promptly detecting potential security breaches.
Recognizing the global significance of nuclear security, Pakistan actively engages with the international community to enhance cooperation, exchange best practices, and fortify nuclear security frameworks. The country participates in initiatives under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), including capacity-building initiatives, workshops, and peer reviews, aimed at bolstering its nuclear security capabilities. Pakistan maintains transparency regarding its nuclear program through regular reporting to the IAEA and other pertinent international bodies. The country advocates for transparency and dialogue to cultivate confidence among the global community concerning the safety, security, and peaceful nature of its nuclear activities.
Pakistan places considerable emphasis on public awareness and education concerning nuclear safety and security. Initiatives encompass outreach programs, training workshops, and educational campaigns designed to foster a culture of nuclear safety among professionals, stakeholders, and the broader populace. Looking forward, Pakistan remains steadfast in its commitment to continually enhance nuclear safety and security measures. The evolving threat landscape and advancements in technology underscore the need for continuous improvements in regulatory frameworks, upgrades to infrastructure, and ongoing personnel training to effectively mitigate emerging risks.
Moving to the third issue, which is the enduring and robust friendship between Pakistan and China. This friendship stands as a cornerstone of stability, cooperation, and mutual benefit in the realm of international relations. Spanning decades and characterized by strong diplomatic ties, economic collaboration, and strategic alignment, the Pak-China friendship has developed into a comprehensive partnership that extends beyond bilateral interests to encompass regional and global significance. The origins of this friendship can be traced back to the early 1950s, when both nations established diplomatic recognition and began forging closer bonds. Over time, shared values, mutual respect, and common strategic interests have further cemented this relationship, fostering trust and cooperation across various domains. At the core of the Pak-China friendship lies a profound strategic alignment. Both nations have consistently supported each other on crucial international matters, working closely to safeguard their respective national interests. China’s steadfast backing of Pakistan on issues like Kashmir, and Pakistan’s unwavering support for China on matters such as Taiwan and Xinjiang, underscore the resilience of their strategic partnership.
Economic collaboration forms a cornerstone of the Pak-China friendship. China has become Pakistan’s largest trading partner and a significant source of foreign direct investment (FDI). Projects within the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship initiative of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), have revolutionized infrastructure development in Pakistan, enhancing connectivity, bolstering energy security, and stimulating economic growth.
Beyond political and economic ties, cultural affinity and people-to-people exchanges are fundamental to the Pak-China relationship. Cultural interactions, educational scholarships, and tourism initiatives have deepened mutual understanding and appreciation of each other’s heritage, traditions, and values among the peoples of both nations.
Military cooperation between Pakistan and China has also strengthened over time. Joint military exercises, defense collaboration, and arms trade initiatives enhance interoperability and bolster defense capabilities. This collaboration plays a crucial role in regional security dynamics, contributing significantly to stability in South Asia.
The Pak-China friendship carries substantial implications for regional and global geopolitics. As major stakeholders in Asia’s strategic landscape, Pakistan and China collaborate on initiatives aimed at promoting peace, stability, and economic development. Their partnership serves to counterbalance regional influences and shape a multipolar world order based on principles of sovereignty, non-interference, and mutual respect.
Looking forward, the Pak-China friendship is poised to deepen and diversify across various domains. Continued cooperation under CPEC, expansion of trade and investment ties, advancements in technology and innovation collaboration, and strengthened people-to-people bonds are expected to propel this strategic partnership to new heights.
It is noteworthy that Pakistan’s foreign policy has consistently upheld firm positions on critical issues such as the Kashmir dispute, its nuclear program, and the strategic partnership with China. Over the decades, despite encountering numerous challenges and fluctuations in international relations, Pakistani governments and leaders have consistently upheld these fundamental principles, demonstrating a steadfast commitment to national sovereignty, security, and strategic interests. The Kashmir issue has been a pivotal component of Pakistan’s foreign policy since independence in 1947. Following the partition of British India, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a flashpoint between India and Pakistan. Pakistan has steadfastly advocated for the right to self-determination of the Kashmiri people, as guaranteed by United Nations resolutions. Pakistan’s efforts to resolve the Kashmir issue peacefully have involved various dialogues, peace processes, and international mediation attempts. Periods marked by heightened tensions and military conflicts, including the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 (Kargil War), have tested Pakistan’s resolve. Despite encountering setbacks and challenges, successive Pakistani governments and leaders have remained resolute in their commitment to the Kashmir cause, emphasizing the necessity for a fair and equitable resolution that respects the aspirations of the Kashmiri people. Pakistan’s nuclear program emerged in response to security threats, particularly from India, which conducted its first nuclear test in 1974. Pakistan perceives nuclear deterrence as essential for maintaining regional stability and deterring aggression. Despite facing international pressure, sanctions, and diplomatic challenges, Pakistan has consistently developed and upheld its nuclear capabilities. The evolution of Pakistan’s nuclear program has been marked by periods of international isolation, sanctions, and scrutiny from global non-proliferation regimes. Nevertheless, Pakistani governments and leaders have steadfastly defended the program as crucial for deterring existential threats, adhering to principles of responsible nuclear stewardship. Despite fluctuations in international relations, Pakistan remains committed to ensuring the safety, security, and reliability of its nuclear arsenal.
Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1951, the friendship between Pakistan and China has grown into a robust strategic partnership. Grounded in mutual respect, shared interests, and geopolitical considerations, this relationship spans political, economic, and military dimensions. The Pak-China friendship has navigated geopolitical shifts and global dynamics. Positive developments include strengthened economic ties under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which has transformed Pakistan’s infrastructure and boosted bilateral trade and investment. Military cooperation and joint strategic initiatives have enhanced regional stability and served mutual security interests. Challenges, such as occasional strains in bilateral relations due to differing geopolitical alignments and economic issues, have been managed through diplomatic dialogue and strategic reassessment. Both nations reaffirm their commitment to a lasting partnership built on mutual trust and common objectives.
Pakistan’s stance on the Kashmir issue, nuclear program, and Pak-China friendship underscores its unwavering dedication to national sovereignty, security, and strategic interests. Despite enduring numerous challenges and fluctuations in international relations, Pakistani governments and leaders consistently prioritize these core issues as foundational pillars of their foreign policy. As global dynamics evolve, Pakistan remains steadfast in upholding its principles while pursuing partnerships and initiatives that advance its strategic goals and contribute to regional peace, stability, and development.
Pakistan’s sacrifices concerning Kashmir have been significant. The nation has endured wars with India, notably in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999, each exacting a toll in human lives and economic resources. Pakistan has encountered international isolation periodically due to its stance on Kashmir; nevertheless, it steadfastly supports the Kashmiri cause despite the attendant challenges. Pakistan’s nuclear program exemplifies its resilience and strategic foresight. In response to regional security concerns, particularly following Indo-Pakistani conflicts and India’s nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998, Pakistan initiated the development of nuclear capabilities. This decision, driven by the imperative to uphold deterrence against perceived threats, has sparked global controversy while domestically perceived as safeguarding national security. The sacrifices made for the nuclear program have been manifold. Economically, diverting resources toward nuclear development has occasionally strained Pakistan’s budget, affecting sectors like education and healthcare. Internationally, Pakistan has encountered sanctions and diplomatic pressures; nevertheless, it remains steadfast in upholding a credible nuclear deterrent, viewing it as indispensable for national sovereignty and regional stability. The friendship between Pakistan and China stands as a cornerstone of Pakistan’s foreign policy and regional strategy. Dating back to the early 1950s, this relationship has evolved into a comprehensive strategic partnership encompassing economic cooperation, military collaboration, and diplomatic support. Sacrifices in the context of Pak-China friendship have been less tangible but no less significant. Pakistan has navigated complex regional dynamics to maintain strong ties with China, often balancing between competing global powers. This relationship has been pivotal in Pakistan’s development, including infrastructure projects under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which have the potential to transform Pakistan’s economic landscape. Pakistan’s commitments to the Kashmir issue, its nuclear program, and its friendship with China underscore its unwavering dedication to principles of sovereignty, security, and regional stability. Pakistan remains steadfast, viewing these causes not merely as matters of policy but as integral to its national identity and future aspirations on the global stage. As Pakistan continues to navigate the complexities of international relations, these pillars will remain fundamental in shaping its trajectory and defining its place in the world.
Unfortunately, Pakistan’s political culture often fosters blame among its leadership, which is then propagated to the public. In Pakistan, political opponents are frequently accused of undermining the country’s fundamental core issues, often without substantial evidence or justification, driven by political rivalries and animosity. Despite these challenges, it is reassuring that the nation and its leadership remain steadfastly committed to our fundamental core issues of Kashmir, our Nuclear Program, and Pak-China friendship. The people of Pakistan also demonstrate strong commitment to these foundational concerns. This clear stance and commitment on our core issues will guide Pakistan towards achieving its goals of development and prosperity.
