Written by: Abdul Basit Alvi
Kashmir, often dubbed “Paradise on Earth,” boasts a rich and intricate history that spans thousands of years. Located in the northern part of the subcontinent, its stunning landscapes have drawn scholars, poets, and travelers alike. The region’s historical narrative is intertwined with cultural exchanges, political upheavals, and social changes.
Kashmir’s history dates back to ancient times, around 3000 BCE, with archaeological evidence indicating a developed society engaged in agriculture and trade. The introduction of Islam in the 14th century marked a significant transformation. Shah Mir, the first Muslim ruler, founded a dynasty that brought substantial political shifts and a new cultural identity. This era saw the rise of Sufism, emphasizing mysticism and spiritual connections, which greatly influenced local customs.
In the 16th century, Kashmir fell under Mughal rule, with Emperor Jahangir famously declaring it the most beautiful place on Earth. The Mughals invested extensively in the region, building gardens, monuments, and infrastructure that combined Persian aesthetics with local styles. This period marked a peak in artistic and cultural development, establishing Kashmir as a vital center for poetry, art, and philosophy.
The decline of Mughal power in the 18th century gave rise to the Sikh Empire, followed by the Dogra dynasty in the 19th century. The Treaty of Amritsar in 1846 formally established Dogra rule over Kashmir, resulting in significant socio-economic changes, though it also sparked local discontent due to heavy taxation and governance issues.
The 1947 partition of India and Pakistan dramatically altered Kashmir’s trajectory. Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, acceded to India, igniting the first Indo-Pakistani war, which led to the creation of a Line of Control (LoC) that divided the region between the two states.
The formation of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) in 1947 was not just a political milestone; it represented the culmination of significant sacrifices made by individuals and communities striving for self-determination and autonomy. This region, steeped in cultural heritage and aspirations, has witnessed numerous acts of bravery and loss that have profoundly shaped its identity.
In the aftermath of British India’s partition, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir fell into turmoil. As tribal militias invaded from Pakistan, many locals opposed the Maharaja’s decision to join India. Early activists like Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan and Moulvi Mohammad Sadiq became key figures in the resistance, advocating for Kashmiris’ rights and seeking to unify diverse factions. Their readiness to face arrest and persecution, along with the sacrifices of their families, laid the foundation for subsequent political movements.
The political landscape of Kashmir underwent a dramatic transformation with the emergence of freedom fighter groups in the late 20th century. Various freedom organizations arose to challenge Indian authority and assert the right to self-determination. Many young men from AJK joined these groups, motivated by the desire for liberation, leading to severe consequences and significant loss of life in confrontations with Indian forces. Families endured the pain of losing sons and brothers who fought for the cause, with these sacrifices becoming a rallying point for advocates of Kashmir’s independence.
The ongoing conflict and instability surrounding the liberation movement have inflicted serious hardships on civilians. As violence escalated, many families were forced to flee from IIOJK, resulting in widespread displacement and creating a humanitarian crisis that saw countless families lose their homes and livelihoods. Equally important is the cultural aspect of the liberation movement, as many artists, poets, and writers risked their lives to preserve and promote Kashmiri identity. Notable figures like Ghulam Qadir Khawaja and Ameer Hamza used their literary talents to articulate the aspirations of their people, often facing persecution, censorship, and even violence for their work. Their sacrifices demonstrate that cultural expression is a vital component of the liberation movement. Additionally, women have played a crucial yet frequently overlooked role in the sacrifices that have shaped AJK. Figures such as Dr. Nasim Shafique and Kashmira Shaheen played key roles in mobilizing communities, providing education, and advocating for rights during the tumultuous times. Many women faced societal backlash, loss of family, and violence as they stood resolutely by their beliefs. Their contributions have been essential in nurturing a new generation of activists. The sacrifices made during the formation of AJK continue to resonate in the region today, with the collective memory of those who fought, suffered, and sacrificed fostering a sense of resilience and purpose among the people.
Against the will of the Kashmiris, the Maharaja chose to accede to India, a decision that ignited conflict between the newly formed nations. This accession was contested by Pakistan, leading to the first Indo-Pakistani War. In response to the Maharaja’s request for military assistance, Pakistan swiftly mobilized its forces to support the aspirations for independence of the Muslim-majority population. This intervention aimed to protect the rights of the Kashmiri people. The Pakistani government rallied public support, emphasizing a shared ideological and cultural connection with the Kashmiris, whom they regarded as kin. Political leaders in Pakistan, including figures like Liaquat Ali Khan, played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and diplomatic strategies during this volatile period, framing the Kashmir struggle as a legitimate fight against colonialism and oppression within the broader narrative of Pakistan’s creation.
The Pakistan Army’s involvement in the conflict was both strategic and operational. Initially, irregular forces and tribal militias were mobilized to bolster the Kashmiri freedom struggle. However, as the conflict intensified, the Army took a more direct role in combat operations. By integrating local forces with professional military units, a more organized resistance against Indian forces was established. The Army’s involvement included several key military engagements where effective tactics and operational planning were demonstrated. Establishing control over significant territories laid the groundwork for AJK to emerge as a distinct political entity.
In 1948, as a result of the conflict and subsequent UN intervention, the Line of Control (LoC) was established, effectively dividing the region between India and Pakistan. The area under Pakistan’s control was named Azad Jammu and Kashmir, signifying its status as a self-governing territory. This new political status was crucial for the local population, who sought autonomy and a sense of identity separate from Indian governance. Pakistan’s military and political support facilitated the creation of a governance structure in AJK that resonated with the aspirations of its people. The region’s leadership comprised individuals committed to advocating for the rights of Kashmiris and pursuing autonomy.
Yaum-e-Tasees, or Founding Day, is a significant occasion celebrated annually on October 24 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). This day commemorates the establishment of AJK as a self-governing entity in 1947, reflecting the region’s aspirations for autonomy, self-determination, and a distinct cultural identity. Observing Yaum-e-Tasees serves as a reminder of the historical journey of the people of AJK and their enduring quest for rights and recognition. On October 24, 1947, AJK was officially established as a political entity, marking a new chapter in the region’s history. The significance of Yaum-e-Tasees is profound for the people of AJK. Yaum-e-Tasees not only celebrates their political identity but also serves as a day of reflection on their cultural heritage and collective struggles. It provides an opportunity for the residents of AJK to honor the sacrifices made by those who fought for their rights and to acknowledge the ongoing quest for self-determination. Various activities are held on this day, including flag hoisting ceremonies, parades, and cultural events that showcase the region’s rich traditions. Schools, universities, and community organizations arrange programs to educate younger generations about the historical significance of AJK and the values of unity, resilience, and patriotism. The celebrations typically kick off with official ceremonies, where government officials and local leaders address the public, underscoring the importance of unity and the ongoing efforts needed for the region’s development and autonomy. The President and Prime Minister of AJK often deliver messages that reflect on the significance of the day and the aspirations of the Kashmiri people. Cultural programs featuring traditional music, dance, and art are essential to the celebrations, showcasing AJK’s diverse heritage. These events not only foster community spirit but also reinforce the cultural identity that plays a crucial role in the liberation narrative.
The bond between Kashmiris and Pakistanis is deep and meaningful. The connection between the people of Pakistan and the residents of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is a powerful testament to their shared identity, culture, and aspirations. Grounded in history, geography, and a common struggle for self-determination, this relationship goes beyond political affiliations, embodying a profound emotional and social connection that continues to flourish.
At the core of the relationship between Pakistan and AJK is a shared cultural heritage. The people of AJK largely share linguistic, religious, and cultural ties with their counterparts in Pakistan. Languages such as Urdu, Punjabi, and various regional dialects reflect a rich tapestry of traditions and values that unite them. Festivals, music, and food further emphasize this bond. Celebrations like Eid, Basant, and local harvest festivals are cherished by both communities, fostering unity. Traditional music, including folk songs and dances, often highlights themes of love, resilience, and communal harmony, strengthening the emotional ties between them.
The historical narrative of Kashmir’s struggle for independence is a shared story of resilience and mutual support. The people of AJK have always felt a strong affinity for Pakistan, viewing it as a protector of their rights and aspirations. From the early conflicts of 1947 to the present day, the Pakistani nation has stood in solidarity with the Kashmiris. Various initiatives by both government and non-governmental organizations of Pakistan have provided support to AJK, ranging from humanitarian aid to development projects. These efforts symbolize the deep love and commitment Pakistan has for the people of AJK, reinforcing their common dream of peace, justice, and self-determination.
The emotional connection between the two communities is evident. Many families in AJK have relatives in Pakistan, leading to regular interactions that nurture bonds of love and kinship. These familial ties often manifest through visits, correspondence, and cultural exchanges, further strengthening the emotional fabric that links the two regions.
The spiritual aspect of this relationship is also significant. Shared Islamic beliefs foster a sense of unity, providing solace in their common values. Religious gatherings and events, whether held in AJK or Pakistan, often see participation from both sides, emphasizing a collective identity. In times of crisis—whether due to natural disasters, economic hardships, or political turmoil—the people of Pakistan have consistently reached out to support their counterparts in AJK. The devastating earthquakes and floods in the region have prompted a tremendous outpouring of support from across Pakistan, with citizens rallying resources to assist those in need. This instinct to help one another highlights the deep love and solidarity that exists between the two communities.
AJK operates under a parliamentary system, where the President acts as the head of state and the Prime Minister serves as the head of government. The region has its own legislative assembly responsible for enacting laws on various matters, except for foreign affairs and defense, which remain under the federal government’s jurisdiction. This structure allows AJK to maintain a degree of political autonomy while still being integrated into Pakistan. In terms of administrative facilities, AJK has made notable progress over the years. The region is home to several governmental institutions dedicated to providing public services and promoting development. AJK has a network of hospitals and clinics that address the healthcare needs of its residents. The government has launched health programs aimed at combating prevalent diseases and enhancing maternal and child health. Additionally, AJK features various educational institutions, including universities and colleges, that offer higher education opportunities. Efforts have been made to improve literacy rates and expand access to education, particularly in rural areas. Infrastructure improvements in road networks, telecommunications, and energy supply have been prioritized to enhance connectivity within AJK and with the rest of Pakistan. Development projects funded by the government and international agencies aim to elevate the living standards of the local population. AJK’s breathtaking landscapes, which include mountains, rivers, and forests, attract tourists from across the country and beyond. The government has invested in promoting tourism as a key sector for economic growth, developing facilities such as hotels and recreational areas to enhance visitor experiences.
In contrast, IIOJK has been a focal point of conflict and human rights violations for decades. The situation has attracted international attention due to ongoing reports of atrocities committed by security forces, including the Indian Army. It is crucial to highlight the human rights violations in IIOJK and their implications for the local population and the broader international community. The Indian government maintains a heavy military presence in IIOJK, justifying it as necessary for so-called national security. However, this militarization has resulted in widespread human rights abuses against the local population. Reports from various human rights organizations, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, document numerous violations in IIOJK. Security forces frequently employ excessive and lethal force during protests and clashes, using live ammunition, pellet guns, and tear gas against unarmed civilians, resulting in deaths and severe injuries. The use of pellet guns, in particular, has caused significant eye injuries among protesters, including children. Numerous reports indicate that individuals suspected of involvement in freedom movements have faced enforced disappearances and arbitrary detentions. Families often remain unaware of the fate of their loved ones for extended periods, creating an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty. Testimonies from former detainees reveal disturbing accounts of torture, including both physical and psychological abuse, during interrogations. Such practices not only breach national and international law but also leave enduring scars on the victims and their families. The Indian government has imposed stringent restrictions on media and communication in IIOJK. Journalists face harassment, threats, and detention for reporting on human rights violations. The communication blackout that ensued following the revocation of Article 370 in August 2019, which had granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, further isolated the region and limited the flow of information. The ongoing conflict has resulted in significant displacement, both within the region and beyond. Families have been uprooted from their homes, with many losing their livelihoods due to the instability in the region. The socioeconomic fabric of IIOJK has been profoundly affected, exacerbating poverty and inequality. The international community has largely condemned the human rights violations occurring in IIOJK, with various United Nations bodies calling for investigations into these abuses and urging the Indian government to respect the rights of the Kashmiri people. However, tangible actions remain limited, as geopolitical considerations often hinder robust interventions.
The Kashmir conflict, steeped in historical, political, and social complexities, continues to shape the lives of millions in the region. In IIOJK, Kashmiris express a strong desire for accession to Pakistan rather than seeking independence or maintaining their association with India. This longing for accession is closely tied to the cultural and religious identity of Kashmiris. The predominantly Muslim population shares cultural and religious connections with Pakistan, fostering a sense of kinship and belonging. Many Kashmiris see accession as a way to preserve their identity and uphold their cultural heritage, a sense of identity reinforced by social, economic, and political factors.
Economic opportunities, access to education, and a political voice are often perceived as more viable under Pakistani governance, especially given the historical context of perceived marginalization by the Indian state. The ongoing Indian military presence and human rights violations in IIOJK have fueled resentment among the local population, with many Kashmiris feeling that their voices are silenced and their rights denied under Indian rule. The heavy-handed tactics of security forces during protests and restrictions on freedom of expression have intensified calls for a political solution that aligns with their aspirations.
Furthermore, the revocation of Article 370 in August 2019 has further alienated Kashmiris. This move was seen as an attempt to undermine the region’s autonomy and fully integrate it into India, leading to widespread discontent and unrest. Kashmiris believe that accession to Pakistan would provide them with better political representation and autonomy. There is a perception that Pakistan is more likely to acknowledge their rights and aspirations than the Indian state, which is often viewed as oppressive. Given the historical context of violence and conflict in the region, many Kashmiris feel that Pakistan would offer a more secure environment.
The narrative of shared struggle against perceived aggression from India has strengthened the belief that Pakistan can better protect their interests. Cultural and linguistic ties to Pakistan play a significant role in shaping the aspirations of Kashmiris. A sense of shared history and identity fosters a desire for political union that reflects these connections. Numerous surveys and polls conducted in the region have indicated a preference for accession to Pakistan among various segments of the population. The desire for union with Pakistan remains a strong undercurrent in Kashmiri society. A small segment of Kashmiris argues that they do not wish to be part of Pakistan and instead aspire to establish an independent state, but this perspective is largely misguided. In practical terms, the idea of Kashmir as a sovereign entity would face significant challenges, making its viability as an independent state highly questionable. The geopolitical context is perhaps the most daunting obstacle for Kashmir. Since the partition of British India in 1947, Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan. An independent Kashmir would need to navigate these turbulent dynamics, potentially becoming a pawn in the larger India-Pakistan rivalry. The presence of nuclear weapons on both sides introduces an existential risk that complicates any aspirations for independence. While Kashmir boasts natural beauty and resources, its economy faces significant challenges. Primarily heavily reliant on tourism, the region lacks the robust economic infrastructure necessary for self-sufficiency. An independent Kashmir would struggle to implement stable economic policies without support from a larger nation. Kashmir is home to a diverse population with a range of political, religious, and ethnic identities. The desire for independence is not universally shared among its residents.
The security landscape in Kashmir is fraught with challenges due to significant militarization and a heavy Indian military presence. An independent Kashmir would need to establish its own military and security apparatus, requiring substantial investment and resources. Without a strong military, an independent Kashmir could be vulnerable to external threats, including incursions from India.
For an independent Kashmir to thrive, it would require international recognition and support. However, the geopolitical interests of global powers often align more closely with India and Pakistan than with an independent Kashmir. Gaining recognition from key players could be a monumental challenge, as nations may hesitate to support a new state in a region already marked by tension and conflict.
Despite its natural resources, Kashmir faces environmental challenges such as water scarcity and climate change. An independent Kashmir would need to manage its resources wisely while navigating disputes over water rights with neighboring countries. Sustainable resource management is critical for economic survival, and any missteps could heighten tensions both internally and with neighbors. Additionally, Kashmir lacks a port, complicating its ability to engage in international trade independently.
It is evident that an independent Kashmir would struggle to survive in a hostile environment, particularly with an adversarial neighbor like India. In contrast, Kashmiris in AJK enjoy freedoms and rights, living and working as first-class citizens of Pakistan, while the dire human rights situation in IIOJK serves as a stark reminder of the challenges faced under Indian rule.
On Youm-e-Tasees, Kashmiris reaffirm their commitment to their struggle for self-determination and to accede all of Kashmir to Pakistan. The day will come when India will be compelled to recognize the Kashmiris’ right to self-determination and respect the will of the people in IIOJK.
